A reinvenção da vida moderna na transição do Século XIX para o Século XX: de uma cultura de fundamentos ao relativismo contemporâneo

摘要

The philosophy of the 19th century marked the replacement of a rational and autonomous subject for a social one. This transition can be referred to as a “crises of foundations”, a term coined in the 20th century, and can be found in the works of thinkers like Dilthey, Nietzsche and Marx. In legitimizing discourses of ethics and justice, this change has highlighted a relativistic perspective. This article examines how contemporary thought has assimmilated concepts of the Universal Moral and the supposed end of the Enlightenment Project so that human subjets can be perceived nowadays as historical and social beings instead of universal ones. Therefore, our intention is not to propose a new reasoning model but analyze the most dramatic consequences of an extreme relativism whose prerrogative is the uncommensurability of moral values.